Comparison of Emissions Comparison of PAH and Nitro-PAH Emissions Among Standard Diesel Fuel, B100 Fuel, and Their Blend on Diesel Engines. Joseph Pan*, Shraddha Quarderer, Tina Smeal, and Christopher Sharp Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78238 Tests were carried out to examine PAH and nitro-PAH (n-PAH) emissions in a neat standard low sulphur diesel (2D), a neat B100 fuel, and a standard B100 blend (80% 2D/20% B100, B20) from three diesel engines. The test engines were a 1997 Cummins N14, a 1997 Detroit Diesel Corporation (DDC) Series 50, and a 1995 Cummins B5.9. The emission tests were carried out in ways that the data generated could be submitted to the U.S. EPA in order to comply with Tier 1 requirements under Section 211(b) of the Clean Air Act. The emissions were measured over the heavy-duty transient Federal Test Procedure (FTP). One-seventh of the cold start and six-sevenths of hot start emissions were collected on the same sampling media. The particulate samples were collected on filters and Soxhlet extracted with ethanol/toluene (30/70, v/v). The gas phase samples were collected on PUF/XAD-2 traps and Soxhlet extracted separately using hexane/ether (94/6 for PUF) and DCM (for XAD-2). The two extracts were combined prior to analysis. The sample extracts were cleaned up* and analyzed by GC/MS/SIM in positive ion electron impact (PIEI) mode for the PAHs. Separate GC/MS/SIM runs in negative ion chemical ionization (NICI) mode were performed for n-PAH analysis. Results are summarized as follows: Summary of Transient Composite PAH and n-PAH Data for the CUMMINS B5.9 Engine PAH and n-PAH Compounds B100 80/20 Blend Standard Diesel No Catalyst Run 1 No Catalyst Run 2 Catalyst No Catalyst Catalyst No Catalyst Catalyst Benzo(a)anthracene 551 358 154 812 423 905 378 Chrysene 821 568 300 1272 744 1707 714 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 569 495 318 710 538 1164 374 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 715 450 292 783 466 1072 373 Benzo(a)pyrene 464 251 155 341 344 723 241 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 1172 384 674 689 1144 1294 714 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 124 149 84 217 181 304 141 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 1278 549 940 755 1100 1354 773 Total PAHs 5694 3204 2917 5579 4940 8523 3708 2-Nitrofluorene 142 122 73 * 365 257 478 1-Nitropyrene 34 20 325 265 1644 210 2171 7-Nitrobenz(a)anthracene 0.6 Trace 4.5 9.8 44 34 60 6-Nitrochrysene Trace Trace 6.2 1.9 58 11 56 6-Nitrobenz(a)pyrene 1.9 0.7 2.2 8.6 11 6.1 6.8 Total n-PAHs 179 143 411 285 2122 518 2772 *Data not included due to problem with very high cold-start filter value. All values are background corrected. Unit in ng/hp-hr. Trace-less than 0.5 ng/hp-hr *Joseph C. Pan, et al. Analysis of PAH in Fish by HRGC/HRMS. Proceedings of the 46th ASMS Conference on Mass Spectrometry and Allied Topics, June 4-8, 1998, Orlando, FL, pp. 370.   Summary of Transient Composite of PAH and n-PAH Data for the Cummins N14 Engine PAH and n-PAH Compound B100 [Avg 3 Runs] 80/20 Blend (B20) [1 Run] Standard Diesel (2D) [Avg 3 Runs] Benzo(a)anthracene 1555 3158 3309 Chrysene 585 1928 3987 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 443 1945 1629 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 383 1738 1806 Benzo(a)pyrene 231 1456 1435 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 205 832 916 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 62 295 315 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 236 1478 1252 Total PAHs 3700 12830 14649 2-Nitrofluorene 9.4 144 123 1-Nitropyrene 5.8 37 82 7-Nitrobenz(a)anthracene Trace 0.7 1.9 6-Nitrochrysene Trace Trace 0.8 6-Nitrobenz(a)pyrene Trace 0.9 2.5 Total n-PAHs 15.2 182 210 Unit in ng/hp-hr. Trace-less than 0.5 ng/hp-hr Summary of Transient Composite PAH and n-PAH Data for the DDC Series 50 Engine PAH and n-PAH Compound B100 80/20 Blend Standard Diesel No Catalyst Catalyst No Catalyst Catalyst No Catalyst Catalyst Benzo(a)anthracene 410 84 522 233 1152 495 Chrysene 469 259 736 345 1755 691 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 209 175 229 99 437 214 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 219 111 228 107 527 274 Benzo(a)pyrene 183 29 268 152 1614 226 Indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene 129 99 142 49 234 86 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 23 24 47 20 87 38 Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 424 301 381 149 558 184 Total PAHs 2066 1082 2553 1154 6364 2208 2-Nitrofluorene 40 14 70 67 88 90 1-Nitropyrene 5.2 37 19 249 83 76 7-Nitrobenz(a)anthracene ND Trace 0.9 0.7 1.4 1.4 6-Nitrochrysene ND 1.8 0.8 4.0 0.8 5.8 6-Nitrobenz(a)pyrene Trace Trace 2.4 1.8 11.1 4.2 Total n-PAHs 45.2 52.8 93.1 323 184 177 Unit in ng/hp-hr. Trace-less than 0.5 ng/hp-hr Conclusions: The pure B100 fuel produced much less PAH and n-PAH than the standard diesel fuel. The 20% B100/80% diesel blend produced substantially less PAH and n-PAH than the standard low sulphur diesel fuel in most cases. The catalyst reduced PAH emissions of all fuels on two test engines. The catalyst increased n-PAH emissions of most fuels on two test engines.

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